Satellite technology launched into low Earth orbit constellations is an essential advancement in extending broadband access across Africa to underserved and remote regions at scale.
On April 28th, Amazon’s Project Kuiper launched 27 satellites into low Earth orbit (LEO), marking a significant milestone in global connectivity. Despite deployment delays, this launch is part of a broader plan to deploy a constellation of more than 3,200 LEO satellites aimed at delivering fast, reliable internet, particularly to unserved and underserved communities across the globe. In the lead-up to this launch, there has been renewed interest in the transformative potential of satellite internet in narrowing digital divides, especially across the least developed, landlocked and small island developing states (SIDS).
Across Africa millions still lack consistent internet access, and while mobile broadband has made significant progress, satellite technology is rapidly emerging as a viable, scalable, and potentially cost-effective solution to bridge the digital divides. With the growing deployment of LEO satellites and new generations of GEO satellites, increasing government interest, and innovative public-private partnerships, satellite connectivity is reshaping the continent’s digital landscape.
African governments are actively investing in satellite technology to enhance broadband connectivity and bridge the digital divide:
Africa and Europe will benefit from the extended reach of 4G/5G services to more customers through a joint initiative between Vodacom and Project Kuiper.
South Africa is advancing plans to launch its own geostationary satellite within the next five to seven years to improve internet access, particularly in remote areas, and reduce reliance on private providers. Techpoint Africa. In addition, Vodacom has partnered with Project Kuiper to use the latter’s satellites as a kind of orbiting cell tower to connect smartphones and similar devices.
Zimbabwe has approved Starlink’s operation, anticipating enhanced rural internet infrastructure. Financial Times
Namibia held discussions with SpaceX for Starlink services, though regulatory hurdles have delayed deployment. Bloomberg
Chad approved Starlink in November 2024 to strengthen national connectivity, particularly in areas lacking fiber optics. Bloomberg
Burkina Faso collaborated with Intelsat and local partners, Intelsat to enhance rural network resilience and coverage ITWeb Africa
Recent Developments in Satellite Technology
While traditional geostationary satellites have offered connectivity for decades, their high latency and cost have limited their reach. In addition to the new GEO systems, the rise of LEO satellite networks—such as Starlink, OneWeb, and Amazon’s Project Kuiper—has ushered in a new era of high-speed, low-latency, and more affordable internet. Developments such as direct-to-device partnerships with mobile operators, are further strengthening the impact of satellite broadband. These developments have spurred investment from governments and private firms focused on improving digital inclusion in remote communities.
Nigeria: Expanding Broadband Access with Satellite Networks
Nigeria has made significant progress in using satellite technologies to boost digital inclusion. The state-run Nigerian Communications Satellite (NigComSat) agency has partnered with the Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) to connect rural schools via VSAT, GEO, and MEO systems, with installations in states like Kaduna and Cross River. NigComSat also supports telemedicine in remote clinics and e-government platforms in underserved areas.
First in Africa to approve and commercially deploy Space X’s Starlink services in early 2023, the Africa Mobile Network (AMN), a mobile network infrastructure company operating in Nigeria, reported a 45% increase in internet traffic in regions serviced by Starlink, highlighting improved productivity for SMEs engaging in digital commerce and mobile finance.
To address the continuing high cost of broadband (e.g., fixed broadband services cost between $25–$38 monthly, well above the UN Broadband Commission’s 2% GNI affordability benchmark), Nigeria’s telecom regulator introduced infrastructure sharing policies, which helped deploy satellite terminals supporting over 100 AMN-managed mobile base stations. More targeted policies and infrastructure investments are needed to drive down broadband prices and close the affordability gap.
Kenya: Rural Connectivity through Starlink and Eutelsat
Kenya has embedded satellite technology in its Digital Economy Blueprint, aiming to connect remote areas and foster inclusive growth. Starlink’s launch in Kenya has driven a 133% increase in satellite internet subscribers—from 8,324 in June to 19,403 in December 2024—securing a 1.1% market share in just six months.
Eutelsat’s Konnect Initiative is also expanding coverage in remote Kenyan communities. Meanwhile, OneWeb, in partnership with Airtel Africa, is preparing to launch LEO satellite services across Kenya, with the Kenya Education Network (KENET) planning deployments in rural schools within six months of activation.
Kenya’s National Digital Master Plan (2022-2032) provides a strategic roadmap for integrating satellite internet with existing terrestrial infrastructure, improving affordability through infrastructure sharing and subsidies.
South Africa: Pioneering Satellite Innovation for Internet Access
South Africa is at the forefront of satellite innovation, with both local and international companies investing in connectivity solutions. The National Satellite Programme seeks to deploy a sovereign geostationary satellite to enhance public service delivery, particularly in healthcare and education. In the private sector, Cell C is exploring LEO satellite partnerships to extend broadband to rural areas. MTN South Africa collaborated with Lynk Global in March 2025 to make Africa’s first satellite voice call using a standard mobile phone. Vodacom has partnered with Amazon’s Project Kuiper to connect rural cell towers and strengthen last-mile connectivity.
These initiatives aim to lower broadband costs and stimulate competition. However, regulatory challenges and historical inequities in the telecom sector remain obstacles to universal access.
Rwanda: Using Satellites for Digital Transformation
Rwanda’s commitment to digital inclusion is exemplified by the Icyerekezo satellite, launched in partnership with OneWeb in February 2019. Its first deployment at Groupe Secondaire St Pierre Nkombo on Nkombo Island provided a lifeline for a school previously cut off from reliable internet due to its remote location. The Icyerekezo project has since expanded to connect additional rural schools, though the total number remains unconfirmed. Its impact on education has been significant, offering students access to global learning resources and digital skills. This initiative aligns with Rwanda’s ICT Sector Strategic Plan (2024-2029), which promotes inclusive digital development through the strategic use of satellite and broadband technologies.
Last Mile, First Priority
Broadband satellite internet is no longer a futuristic ideal—it is a present-day solution with immense potential to bridge Africa’s digital divide. From Nigeria to Rwanda, African governments and partners are embracing satellite innovation to reach the unreachable, empower underserved communities, and build a more inclusive digital future. With continued investment, supportive policies, and cross-sector collaboration, the dream of universal digital access is increasingly within reach.
Authors: Executive Director, Onica N. Makwakwa and Senior Fellow Dr. Robert Pepper
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